Modal verbs

Modals
A Match A to B.
A B
1 Cigarettes damage your health.
2 Ron’s bus is leaving soon.
3 It’s a secret.
4 It’s Sunday tomorrow.
5 It’s Kate’s birthday tomorrow.
6 I don’t feel well.

B Write sentences about what people should or shouldn’t do in the countryside. Use the words
below.
...... a Should I buy her a present?
...... b Do I have to go to school today?
...... c You shouldn’t smoke.
...... d He must go now.
...... e We don’t have to wake up early.
...... f You mustn’t tell anyone!
1 ......................................................................
2 ......................................................................
3 ......................................................................
walk
keep
pick
disturb
close
light
the flowers
the gates
fires
the farm animals
the countryside clean
on the path
4 ......................................................................
5 ......................................................................
6 ......................................................................

C Choose the correct word.
1 You shouldn’t / may not eat so much meat.
2 We should / may go to the party. I’m not sure.
3 You could / should be careful when you lift
heavy things!

D Complete the sentences with the modals below.
1 Grandad, ...................... you ride a bicycle when you were my age?
2 We ...................... sleep because of the noise.
3 You ...................... touch that plate! You’ll burn your hand.
4 Our class didn’t ...................... do any homework yesterday. Our teacher was ill.
5 Peter ...................... go on the school trip. He hasn’t decided yet.
6 ...................... you help me with my homework, please?
7 Laura ...................... go to a doctor. She’s not feeling well.
8 Cars ...................... stop when the traffic lights are red.
People should walk on the path.
4 Must / May we leave so soon?
5 I feel ill. I couldn’t / may not go out.
6 I can’t / mustn’t hear you. Speak louder, please.
can couldn’t could must mustn’t should have to may


Modals – Answers
A 1 c 3 f 5 a
2 d 4 e 6 b
B 1 People should walk on the path.
2 People should keep the countryside clean.
3 People shouldn’t pick the flowers.
4 People shouldn’t disturb the farm animals.
5 People should close the gates.
6 People shouldn’t light fires.
C 1 shouldn’t 4 Must
2 may 5 may not
3 should 6 can’t
D 1 could 5 may
2 couldn’t 6 Can
3 mustn’t 7 should
4 have to 8 must

Modal verbs: must and have to

Modal verbs: must and have to

Use We use must to talk about a personal feeling of obligation to do something. I must remember to post the letter today. You must phone your grandmother tonight. We use have to to talk about an obligation that is a fact, or a rule or law. You have to be sixteen before you can leave school. We have to revise for our exams next week. We use don’t have to/doesn’t have to to talk about something that is not an obligation. You don’t have to do any homework tonight. We use mustn’t to say that something is prohibited. You mustn’t smoke in this area. We use had to to talk about a past obligation. We had to get up at five o’clock this morning. Form must / mustn’t + infinitive I must phone Sarah tonight. have to / don’t have to / doesn’t have to + infinitive We don’t have to get up early tomorrow. had to + infinitive John had to help his mother yesterday.

1   Complete the sentences with must or have to/has to.

     I must remember to buy some new

     shampoo tomorrow.

     We have to arrive at school before 8.30

     every morning.

1   In my country you ……………… be sixteen before you can get married. It’s the law.

2   I ……………… send an email to Cathy tonight. I haven’t been in touch with her for ages.

3   You ……………… help your brother with his homework. He’s having real problems.

4   All the students at my friend’s school

     ……………… wear a uniform.

5   In Britain, everybody ……………… drive on the right-hand side of the road.

6   We ……………… buy a present for Dad. It’s his birthday next week.

2   Complete the sentences with mustn’t or don’t have to / doesn’t have to.

1   You ……………… bring an umbrella. It

     isn’t raining.

2   Rachel ……………… forget to water the plants while her parents are on holiday.

3   We ……………… go to school tomorrow. It’s a national holiday.

4   He ……………… bring his CD player to the party. We’ve already got one.

5   You ……………… ride a motorbike without wearing a helmet.

6   ‘I’m flying to Seville tomorrow.’

     ‘You …………… forget your passport

     this time!’

7   They ……………… meet us at the airport. We’re going to get a taxi into town.

8   You ……………… talk during the exam.

3   Choose the correct words.

When The Face Model Agency offered fifteen-

year-old Julie Willis a job, it was a dream

come true. However, once she started work,

Julie found she had no time for school. Finally

she decided she ¹ had to / mustn’t leave.

Many people criticized her decision.

‘It was a difficult thing to do,’ says Julie.

‘And I miss all my friends. But I ² had to /

must make a choice. Although I ³ don’t have

to / mustn’t go to school, I still ⁴ have to /

mustn’t study. I have a private tutor now. My

parents told me I ⁵ don’t have to / have to

take some exams.’

‘Most models retire young,’ adds Julie’s

mother. ‘So Julie ⁶ mustn’t / doesn’t have to

forget that she needs qualifications for her

next job.’

But at the moment Julie isn’t worried about

the future. ‘Next week I ⁷ have to / mustn’t

go to New York for a photoshoot,’ she says.

‘I still can’t believe my luck!’

 

Modal verbs: may, might, could, must, can’t

Modal verbs: may, might, could, must, can’t

Use We use may, might and could when we think something is possible in the present or future. Certain diets may prevent cancer. We use must when we think something is certain in the present or future. He must be very ill. He’s been off work all week. We use can’t when we think something is impossible in the present or future. You can’t be hungry. You’ve just eaten a huge pizza. We use may have, might have, could have, must have and can’t have + past participle to make deductions about the past. I’m not sure, but I think Jamie may have gone home. Form must/can’t/might/may/could + infinitive They might go to France for their holidays, but they haven’t decided yet. may have, might have, could have, must have and can’t have + past participle Jenny isn’t in her room. She must have gone out.

1   Rewrite the sentences using the modal verbs.

Mark is thinking about going snowboarding. (might)

     Mark might go snowboarding.

1   It’s possible that Jane will visit Switzerland next year. (could)

     ………………………………………………

2   I’m thinking about taking Spanish lessons. (may)

     ………………………………………………

3   I’m sure they’ll be home by now. (must)

     ………………………………………………

4   James definitely isn’t eighteen yet! (can’t)

     ………………………………………………

5   It’s possible the weather will be sunny tomorrow. (might)

     ………………………………………………

2   Read the story. Then rewrite the sentences using the modal verbs.

Mr Smith was an ordinary man. Every day he went to work at nine o’clock and came back at half past five. Mr Smith was married to Mrs Smith. One day Mrs Smith disappeared.   The next day Mr Smith started planting flowers in his garden.   He continued to go to work as usual. Then one day he didn’t go to work. He left the house at ten o’clock, and came back at two o’clock driving a new car. The next day Mr Smith moved out. I never saw him again.

There’s a possibility that he argued with his wife. (might)

     He might have argued with his wife.

1   I’m sure that Mrs Smith didn’t leave home. (can’t)

     Mrs Smith ……………………………………

2   Perhaps she’s gone to stay with her mother. (might)

     She …………………………………………

3   It’s possible that Mr Smith committed a crime. (may)

     Mr Smith ……………………………………

4   I’m certain that he buried something in the garden. (must)

     He ……………………………………………

5   Perhaps he won the lottery. (could)

     He ……………………………………………

6   I’m sure he bought a new car. (must)

     He ……………………………………………

7   Perhaps Mr Smith murdered his wife. (might)

     Mr Smith ……………………………………

Conditional sentences

First Conditional

A Match A to B to form sentences.
A B
1 If you study hard, ...... a you will burn yourself.
2 If she doesn’t tidy her room, ...... b she won’t go out.
3 Unless you wake up on time, ...... c if you drive too fast.
4 If you touch the hot stove, ...... d you’ll miss the bus to town.
5 You will be cold ..... e you will do well at school.
6 A policeman will stop you ...... f unless you put on a coat.

B Complete the sentences with if or unless.
1 I’m going to leave without you ...................... you are ready soon.
2 We’ll buy that shirt for Jill’s birthday ...................... it isn’t too expensive.
3 ...................... I get a lift, I won’t go to the party.
4 ...................... you aren’t careful, you will get into trouble.
5 ...................... I see that new book in the shop, I’ll buy it for you.
6 Don’t see that film ...................... you like horror films.

C Complete the sentences with the First Conditional. Use the verbs in brackets.
1 If you ...................... (come) home late, I will be angry.
2 If I find my bus ticket, I ...................... (go) to town with you.
3 We will go on a picnic this weekend unless the weather ...................... (be) bad.
4 You’ll get a sunburn if you ...................... (not stay) in the shade.
5 Robert ...................... (meet) us at the restaurant if he finishes work on time.
6 The party will be in the garden unless it ...................... (rain).

D Complete the sentences with the First Conditional. Use the verbs in brackets.
1 My big brother ...................... (drive) us to the cinema if he ...................... (have) time.
2 If someone ...................... (offer) you a summer job, what ...................... you ...................... (do)?
3 Unless you ...................... (say) “sorry”, he ...................... (not be) your friend.
4 Jenny ...................... (not eat) supper if she ...................... (eat) all that ice cream.
5 The food ...................... (not be) ready before the guests ...................... (arrive).
6 If my sister ...................... (do) well in her exams, she ...................... (go) to university.


First Conditional – Answers
A 1 e 3 d 5 f
2 b 4 a 6 c
B 1 unless 4 If
2 if 5 If
3 Unless 6 unless
C 1 come 4 don’t stay
2 will go 5 will meet
3 is 6 rains
D 1 will drive, has 4 won’t eat, eats
2 offers, will … do 5 won’t be, arrive
3 say, won’t be 6 does, will go
ESO 4

Second Conditional
A Match A and B to form sentences.
A
1 Diana wouldn’t go out
2 She would help you
3 If he were rich,
4 If Sam helped me with the housework,
5 The boys wouldn’t wash the car
6 If I knew the answer,

B Choose the correct verb.
1 If the cat jumped onto the table, it ate / would eat the food.
2 If Timmy weren’t ill, he would go / went to school.
3 I would stay / stayed at home, if I were you.
4 Grandpa would wake up / won’t wake up if you made a noise.
5 She would come if we would invite / invited her.
6 If a fire would start / started, I would call for help.

C Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Second
Conditional.
1 I ...................................... (visit) you more often if I ...................... (have) the time.
2 If Debbie ...................................... (know) about the programme, she ......................................
(watch) it.
3 I ...................................... (not go) there if I ...................................... (be) you.
4 ...................... you ...................................... (buy) those shoes if you ...................................... (have)
enough money?
5 Laura ...................................... (come) with us if you ...................................... (ask) her.
6 What ...................... you ...................... (do) if you ...................................... (win) the lottery?
B
...... a I would have more time to go out.
...... b unless you paid them.
...... c I would tell you.
...... d he would travel around the world.
...... e if you asked her.
...... f if it rained.
4 we / exercised / we / would be fitter / if /
more often
........................................................................
5 I / would not speak to you again / you / if /
broke our date
........................................................................


D Put the words in the correct order to make sentences using the Second Conditional.

1 buy that dress / I / if / you / to Jane’s party /
wear it
........................................................................
........................................................................
2 if / would not wear that shirt / I / I / were you
........................................................................
3 hurried / you / if / you / wouldn’t be late for school
........................................................................

Second Conditional – Answers
A 1 f 3 d 5 b
2 e 4 a 6 c
B 1 would eat 4 would wake up
2 would reach 5 invited
3 would stay 6 started
C 1 would visit, had
2 knew, would watch
3 wouldn’t go, were
4 Would … buy, had
5 would come, asked
6 would … do, won
D 1 If I bought that dress, would you wear it to Jane’s party?
2 I would not wear that shirt if I were you.
3 If you hurried, you wouldn’t be late for school.
4 If we exercised more often, we would be fitter.
5 I wouldn’t speak to you again if you broke our date.

First, second and third conditionals

First conditional

We use the first conditional to talk about situations that are possible or likely to happen. If he finishes his homework, he’ll go to the cinema.

Second conditional

We use the second conditional to talk about situations which are imaginary or unlikely to happen. If I met Leonardo DiCaprio, I’d ask him for his autograph.

Third conditional

We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary or hypothetical situations in the past. If she had got up earlier, she wouldn’t have missed the train.

1   Match the two parts of the sentences.

1   If she had more time, …

2   If she has the new Star Wars game, …

3   If I was rich, …

4   He would have phoned the police …

5   If he had a motorbike, …

6   If she had watched the tennis match, …

7   If I find the letter, …

a   he’d ride it to school.

b   she’ll let you play it.

c   I’d buy a sports car.

d   she would have known the result.

e   I’ll tell you.

f   she’d learn another language.

g   if he’d seen the robbery.

2   Read the text. Then complete the sentences in the first, second or third conditional. Use the correct form of the verbs.

Andrew Chance’s mother was horrified when she received her son’s Internet shopping bill. Thirteen-year-old Andrew had spent nearly £1 million on eMall, an American Internet shopping site. Andrew used his parents’ password to get into the site. He then bought a Rolls Royce, a Van Gogh painting and an antique bed. ‘I’m in big trouble,’ the worried teenager said yesterday.

1   If Andrew’s parents ……………… (not buy) him the computer, he wouldn’t have shopped on the Internet.

2   Andrew would make more friends if

     he ……………… (spend) less time on

     the Internet.

3   If his parents ……………… (find out) earlier, Andrew would have spent less money.

4   If Andrew’s mother doesn’t pay, she

     ……………… (have to) go to prison.

5   Andrew ……………… (not get) into trouble if he hadn’t used his parents’ password.

6   If I ……………… (be) Andrew’s mother, I’d sell his computer.

7      If teenagers ……………… (have) a computer, they’ll want to surf the Internet.

3      Rewrite the sentences in the first, second or third conditional.

     He can’t find his wallet so he’s angry.

(Second conditional) If he could find his wallet, he wouldn’t be angry.

1   In order to lose weight you need to

     exercise more.

     (First conditional) If you want ………………

     ………………………………………………

2   He may be late, but he can meet us at the Blue Note café.

     (First conditional) If he’s ……………………

     ………………………………………………

3   An old woman saw him burgle the house. That’s why he’s in prison.

     (Third conditional) If she hadn’t ……………

     ………………………………………………

4   He wants to be rich and famous. Then he’ll be happy.

     (Second conditional) If he was ………………

     ………………………………………………

5   Dave fell asleep so he missed the end of

     the film.

     (Third conditional) If he hadn’t ……………...

     ………………………………………………..